Although she scrubbed the old pot thoroughly, she could not make it look completely clean.
A.disinfected B.rinsed C.scratched D.scoured
Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick I in the thirteenth century, it may be hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes bowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
1.The purpose of Frederick I’s experiment was（ ）.
2.The reason that some children are backward in speaking is most likely that（ ）3.What is particularly remarkable about a child is that（ ）.4.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?5.If a child starts to speak later than others, he will（ ）in future.
A.to prove that children are born with ability to speak B.to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speak C.to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak D.to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language问题2： A.they are incapable of learning language rapidly B.they are exposed to too much language at once C.their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak D.their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them问题3： A.he is born with the capacity to speak B.he has a brain more complex than an animal’s C.he can produce his own sentences D.he owes his speech ability to good nursing问题4： A.The faculty of speech is inborn in man. B.The child’s brain is highly selective. C.Most children learn their language in definite stages. D.All the above问题5： A.have a high IQ B.be less intelligent C.be insensitive to verbal signals D.not necessarily be backwardMutual respect for territorial ______ is one of the bases upon which our two countries develop relationships.
A.unity B.integrity C.entirely D.reliability
If you（ ）the bottle and cigarettes, you’ll be much healthier.
A.take off B.keep off C.get off D.set off
Diseases of the twenty-first century are inevitably be different from those of the twentieth century; just as our present illnesses have been quite different from those of the nineteenth century. Although our health is improving in many ways and we are living longer than in previous decades, new diseases and conditions threaten the quality of our lives. We have already observed some significant changes in the 1980s that foretold what health problems lie ahead in the twenty-first century:Diseases of the immune system, not just AIDS but various conditions of a deficient or overactive immune system, have reached epidemic proportions.The number of people suffering from viral conditions that are incurable with conventional therapies is increasing, and the number of newly defined viral conditions, such as the Epstein-Barr Virus and cytomegalovirus, is also increasing significantly.More and more bacterial infections are becoming resistant to commonly used antibiotics and are requiring stronger antibiotics, which also are net always successful in curing the infections.Allergies to foods, to common substances such as animal hairs and house dust, and to new chemicals are becoming more prevalent. One in seven Americans had an allergy in 1950, as many as one in five had an allergy in 1970, and approximately 75 million Americans, or nearly one in three, had an allergy in 1985.Chronic disability is affecting people more frequently at younger and younger ages. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, the percentage of children under 17 years of age who are limited in activity due to chronic conditions increased by 86% from 1967 to 1979.Mental disease is affecting more and more people. The National Institute of Mental Health estimated in 1984 that one in every five Americans had a mental disorder. This same study revealed that, during a six-month period, 8.3% of Americans suffered from an anxiety disorder, 6.4% had an alcohol or drug problem, and 6% had a mood disorder.In addition to these various trends, one of the more significant facts that will affect the future of health care is that larger percentage of the population will be over 65 years old. According to projections by the US Bureau of the Census, the size of the American population Over 65 in 1985 will have doubled by 2030.Futurists generally assume that twenty-first century medicine will include new and more-powerful drugs and various innovative technological interventions. However, futurists tend to ignore the serious problems presently arising from conventional medications. According to 1986 statistics, the average American receives 7.5 prescriptions a yeah This is a particularly frightening number because we all know there are people who have not been prescribed any medications in the past year, which means that someone else is getting their 7.5 drugs.Since most drugs have side effects, some of which are quite serious, and since the sick person is often prescribed several drugs at the same time, any of which may have even greater potential for side effects, it is no wonder that 50% of the time people do not even get their drug prescriptions filled. Additionally various studies have indicated that 25% to 90% of the time patients make errors in administering the medicines. Despite the respect that people generally show inward present-day physicians, there does not seem to be equal confidence in the treatments they prescribe.
1.That diseases of the 21st century are different from those of 20th century is（ ） .2.Which of the following is true about diseases of the immune system?3.Which of the following statements is NOT true?4.We may infer from the passage that（ ） .5.According to the National Institute of Mental Health, in 1984, （ ） .
A.what scientists are worried about B.a well-grounded statement C.drawn on changes in the medical profession D.not necessarily true问题2： A.They refer to AIDS only. B.They become epidemic in the 21st century. C.They crop up in various organs. D.They make patients overactive and feel restless.问题3： A.Cases of chronicA few decades ago, it was still possible to leave home and go somewhere else: the architecture was different, the landscape was different, the language, lifestyle, dress, and values were different. That was a time when we could speak of cultural diversity. But with economic globalization, diversity is fast disappearing. The goal of the global economy is that all countries should be homogenized. When global hotel chains advertise to tourists that all their rooms in every city of the world are identical, they don’t mention that the cities are becoming identical too: cars, noise, smog, corporate high-rises, violence, fast food, McDonalds, Nikes, Levis, Barbie Dolls, American TV and film. What’s the point of leaving home?There are many causes for this dreary turn of events, but one is central: economic globalization and institutions like the World Bank and the WTO promote a specific kind of homogenizing development that frees the largest corporations in the world to invest and operate in every market, everywhere. For these agencies and corporation, diversity is not a primary value: efficiency is. Diversity is an enemy because it requires differentiated sales appeal. What corporations love is creating the same values, the same tastes, using the same advertising, selling the same products, and driving out small local competitors. Mass marketers prefer homogenized consumers. They also prefer places with low wages, cheap resources, and the least restrictive environmental and labor laws.The new rules of global trade are primarily set by the ultra-secretive World Trade Organization (WTO), which now rivals the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the most powerful, yet undemocratic body in the world. Its rules are specifically designed to serve global corporate expansion and the homogenization process. They make it nearly impossible for nation-states to prevent certain harmful forms of corporate development, no matter what problems they bring. So we find that European bankers can dominate Third World economies ; Asian companies can cut down Canadian and Brazilian forests ; American corporations can dominate the whole world’s farmers and food supply ; Disney can homogenize consciousness and McDonalds can homogenize tastes, globally. Every country loses while global corporations win.Corporate invasions into diverse cultures often occur over vigorous protests by local governments and populations that try to protect local business, culture, health, food safety, and local livelihoods. Not everyone wants to become like everyone else. ( More than one million of India’s small farmers protested against the entry of industrial agriculture, specifically Cargill Corporation and Kentucky Fried Chicken. ) Millions of others have protested against the invasion and promotion of genetically engineered foods which are destroying local livelihoods and threatening public health. But when countries try to slow down these corporate invasions—or create laws that protect local resources, or jobs, or health standards一they may find the laws challenged at the WTO as illegal restrictions against foreign investment. In fact, a recently proposed addition to the WTO would make it nearly impossible for any country to prevent imports of biotech food products—despite public concern over health aspects.Meanwhile, all places are starting to merge. In rural France, local cheese farms are sucked up by giant agribusiness. In England, small towns in the countryside have high-speed freeways and trucks jamming through them despite mass opposition. Rice paddies in Bali are turned into hotel resorts. Small farms in Japan become executive golf courses. Small businesses and retail shops everywhere, including the U. S. , are being driven under by untaxed e-commerce, which the WTO may soon codify. Nepalese villages have Sylvester Stallone on their billboards, Barbie in their stores, and Jay Leno on their TV sets.Every place is becoming everyplace else: monoculture. “Get the
In that country the coins are so that one has to carry great quantities make a single purchase.
A.diminished B.debased C.degraded D.defaced
Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy _____ at any price.
A.order B.emancipation C.hope D.liberty
The Psychology of Warranties Protection RacketIf extended guarantees are overpriced, why are they so popular?CUSTOMERS tend to agonise over the relative merits of different models of electronic goods such as digital cameras or plasma televisions. But when they get to the till, many spend freely on something they barely think about at all: an extended warranty, which is often more profitable to the retailer than the device it covers.Shoppers typically pay 10% -50% of the cost of a product to insure it beyond the term covered by the manufacturer’s guarantee. （ 1） Yet products rarely break within the period covered, and repairs tend to cost no more than the warranty itself. （ 2）So why, asks a paper published in the December issue of the Journal of Consumer Research, so many consumers still buy extended warranties? The authors — Tao Chen of the University of Maryland, Ajay Kalra of Rice University and Baohong Sun of Carnegie Mellon University — examined purchase data from a big electronics retailer for over 600 households from November 2003 to October 2004.（3 ）If a customer is about to buy something fun (i. e., a plasma television rather than a vacuum cleaner), he will be more inclined to splash out on extra insurance. This is because consumers value “hedonic” items over utilitarian ones, regardless of the actual price tag. （4 ） The study also found that poorer consumers are more likely to buy “potentially unnecessary and overpriced insurance”, because they are more worried about the expense of replacing a product if it breaks.（ 5） But although most policies go unused, he admits that the emotional tranquility that comes with buying a new warranty is not in itself without value, even if “rationally, it doesn’t make sense”.
A.This is especially true if the item is on sale, as finding an unexpected bargain leaves buyers feeling flush and pleased. B.The terms of these deals vary (and there is often a great deal of fine print), but they usually promise to repair or replace a faulty device for between one and four years. C.Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world. D.This is because consumers are more likely to buy “hedonic” items. E.They concluded that the decision to buy a warranty had a great deal to do with a shopper’s mood. F.The popularity of warranties should logically depend on the likelihood of a product’s failure, says Mr. Kalra. G.That makes warranties amazingly profitable: they generate over $ 16 billion annually for American retailers, according to Warranty Week, a trade journal.
问题2：
A.This is especially true if the item is on sale, as finding an unexpected bargain leaves buyers feeling flush and pleased. B.The terms of these deals vary (and there is often a great deal of fine print), but they usually promise to repair or replace a faulty device for between one and four years. C.Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world. D.This is because consumers are more likely to buy “hedonic” items. E.They concluded that the decision to buy a warranty had a great deal to do with a shopper’s mood. F.The popularity of warranties should logically depend on the likelihood of a product’s failure, says Mr. Kalra. G.That makes warranties amazingly profitable: they generate over $ 16 billion annually for American retailers, according to Warranty Week, a trade journal.
问题3：
A.This is especially true if the item is on sale, as finding an unexpected bargain leaves buyers feeling flush and pleased. B.The terms of these deals vary (and there is often a great deal of fine print), but they usually promise to repair or replace a faulty device for between one and four years. C.Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world. D.This is because consumers are more likely to buy “hedonic” items. E.They concluded that the decision to buy a warranty had a great deal to do with a shopper’s mood. F.The popularity of warranties should logically depend on
The miser will not donate any money to charity because he is（ ） .
A.greedy B.thrifty C.stingy D.careful
Human choice, not the intrinsic content of science, determines the outcome and scientists, as human beings, therefore have a special responsibility to provide council rooted in（ ）.
A.expiration B.explanation C.expertise D.expenditure
Difficult as it is, English study is in the long run （ ） to a learner in his or her career development.
A.rewarding B.advantageous C.profitable D.earning
Based on hundreds of face-to-face interviews and surveys with students, sociologist Robert Manning of Georgetown University（1）both the number with credit card debt and their indebtedness （2）“systematically underreported” in previous studies which failed to reflect the “survival strategies” many used to （3） their debts. These included the use of federal student loans to pay （4） credit cards, effectively shifting the debt, （5） parents for loans, cutting back on course work to increase time at paid jobs or even （6） altogether to work full time. “Official drop-out rates include growing numbers of students who are unable to cope with the stress of their debts and/or （7）jobs for servicing their credit cards,” the study said.（8） , debts can haunt students. “Student credit card debts are increasingly （9）during the recruitment process and may be an important （10）in evaluating prospective employees.” it noted. And the （11） can also manifest in far more （12 ） ways.”Janne O’Donnell’s 20-year-old son, a junior at the University of Oklahoma, （13） .O’Donnell and Manning agreed students should （14）some responsibility for reckless use of credit, （15）said credit card companies also had to be held （16）for making it so easy for them to get into debt. Manning said one of the most （17） aspects of the student credit card issue was “the （18）of college and university administrators by the credit card industry.” Card issuers were （19）school programs, funding activities and even entering into business （20）with schools involving college-branded “affinity” cards, he said. “As a result, rather than protecting the economic and educational interests of their students, college administrators are playing an active and often disingenuous role in promoting the prominence of credit cards in collegiate life.”
A.indicated B.informed C.replied D.concluded
问题2：
A.had been B.was C.been D.were
问题3：
A.manage B.cope with C.attempt D.deal
问题4：
A.off B.with C.out D.down
问题5：
A.needs B.applies for C.appeals to D.requests
问题6：
A.falling down B.dropping out C.withdrawing D.retracing
问题7：
A.part time B.occasional C.by chance D.portion
问题8：
A.However B.Hence C.Eventually D.Even then
问题9：
A.scrutinized B.investigated C.searched D.inspired
问题10：
A.idea B.factor C.regiment D.sector
问题11：
A.pressure B.impact C.force D.stress
问题12：
A.tragic B.sad C.horrible D.disastrously
问题13：
A.mannered B.committed C.acted D.charged
问题14：
A.carry out B.tolerate C.bear D.undertake
问题15：
A.whereas B.yet C.unless D.but
问题16：
A.accountable B.reasonable C.reliable D.responsible
问题17：
A.breaking B.disturbing C.astonishing D.amazing
问题18：
A.seduction B.plague C.brick D.indulge
问题19：
A.organizing B.helping C.formatting D.sponsoring
问题20：
A.stock-holders B.partnerships C.friends D.coordinators
In recent years, teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today, excellent anthologies （文选）and other introductory texts exist, and books on individual Asian Ameri- cans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to de-cide which of these to assign to students ； non-experts who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian American to include in survey courses are in an even worse position.A complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans, such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would ena-ble students taking Asian American studies courses （ and professors in related fields） to look up basic information on Asian American individuals, institutions, history, and culture without having to wade through （费力地阅读冗长或艰深的材料）mountains of primary source material. In addition, givensuch works, Asian American studies professors might feel more free to include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory reading lists, since good reference works allow students to ac-quire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material.
1.The author is primarily concerned with（ ）.
2.The “dilemma” (Line 2，Para. 1) can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a choice when faced with a（ ）
3.Biographical dictionaries and desktop encyclopedias are（ ） .
4.Which of the following is implied about the introductory courses in Asian American studies a few decades ago?
5.According to the passage, the existence of good one-volume reference works about Asian Ameri-cans could result in（ ）
A.responding to a criticism B.describing a course of study C.discussing a problem D.evaluating a past course of action问题2： A.lack of acceptable alternatives B.lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives C.preponderance of bad alternatives as compared to good D.multitude of different alternatives问题3： A.primary source materials B.introductory texts C.excellent anthologies D.reference materials问题4： A.The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such was extremely limited. B.The texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not very challenging for students. C.Students often complained about the texts assigned to them, in such courses. D.Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources.问题5： A.increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field B.an increase in the number of students sighing up for introductory courses in AsianAmerican studies C.increased accuracy in writings that concern Asian American history and culture D.the inclusion of a wider range of Asian American material in introductory reading lists in Asi-an American studiesMonday's earthquake ______ windows and woke residents.
A.slammed B.prosecuted C.rattled D.pierced
My topic today is “The Car and Air Pollution.” In particular, I want firstly to discuss the ways in which the car causes air pollution; and secondly, how we can control or reduce air pollution from the car.First, then, how does the car cause air pollution? 1. What happens is that the car’s internal combustion engine is a kind of chemical factory on a small scale. It uses a mixture of petrol and air, and this mixture explodes and burns, to produce the energy which propels the car. 2. But while this is happening, many complicated chemical reactions are taking place. In particular, part of the petrol-air mixture is not completely burned up, and so the exhaust gases from the engine contain some very dangerous chemicals, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and hydrocarbons.This is the situation, then, and it’s going to get much worse, unless we do something about it. So let’s focus our attention now on ways of controlling or reducing the amount of air pollution caused by the car.First, we can discourage the use of cars. For example, we can put higher taxes on petrol, and on cars themselves, especially on larger ones that use a lot of petrol.3.Second, we can encourage alternative methods of transport, both between and within urban areas. For instance, we can make train and bus services cheaper and more convenient. And we can build a mass transit system in large cities, particularly an underground railway system.Next, we can use a different and cleaner fuel for the internal combustion engine.Fourth, we can replace the internal combustion engine with other designs. There are several possibilities being researched at present, such as electric, gas turbine, and “steam” engines gas turbine, and steam engines. However, each of these designs has its own disadvantages.4.Last but not the least, we are trying to control the emissions from the internal combustion engine much more strictly. This, for example, is a catalytic (催化式) converter, which converts the most dangerous ingredients of the car exhaust into water and harmless gases.As I’m sure you can see, there are problems with each of these ways; but at least they’re a step in the right direction. Probably the best answer is a synthesis of all five.
Directions:Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to(4) , from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
The company that Joan works for is（ ）with an automotive company, so she can get a dis-count on a new car.
A.correlated B.parallel C.affiliated D.accounted
Many changes are taking place in Americans’ food styles. 1.The United States is traditionally famous for its solid and unchanging diet of meat and potatoes. Now we have many different alternatives to choose from: various ethnic foods, nutrition-balanced health food, and convenient and delicious fast food, in addition to the traditional home-cooked meal.Ethnic restaurants are commonplace in the United States. Because the United States is a country of immigrants, there is an immense variety in its catering cultures. Any large American city is filled with restaurants serving international cooking.2.Health food gained popularity when people began to think more seriously about their physical well-being. The very term “health food” is ironic because it implies that there is also “unhealthy food”. Health food incudes natural food with minimal processing, i.e., there are no presevatives to help it last longer or other chemicals to make it tasty or look like better. 3. Most health food enthusiasts are vegetarians: They eat no meat; they prefer to get their essential proteins from other sources, such as beans, cheese, and eggs.Fast-food restaurants can be seen all over the country. Speed is a very important factor in the life of an American. People usually have a very short lunch break or they just do not want to waste their time eating. And food in fast-food restaurants is always cheap.Americans’ attitude toward food is changing, too. The traditional big breakfast is losing popularity. People are rediscovering the social importance of food. 4. Dinner with family or friends is again becoming a special way of enjoying and sharing. Like so many people in other countries, many Americans are taking time to relax and enjoy the finer tastes at dinner, even if they still rush through lunch at a hamburger stand.
Directions:Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to(4) , from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Mr. Smith became very（ ）when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.
A.ingenious B.empirical C.objective D.indignant
The French word renaissance means rebirth. It was first used in 1855 by the historian Jules ichelet in his History of France, then adopted by historians of culture, by art historians, and eventu-ally by music historians, all of whom applied it to European culture during the 150 years spanning 450-1600. The concept of rebirth was appropriate to this period of European history because of the ewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture that began in Italy and then spread throughout urope. Scholars and artists of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries wanted to restore the learning and deals of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. To these scholars this meant a return to hu-man —as opposed to spiritual — values. Fulfillment in life — as opposed to concern about an after-life —became a desirable goal, and expressing the entire range of human emotions and enjoying the leasures of the senses were no longer frowned on. Artists and writers now turned to secular as well as eligious subject matter and sought to make their works understandable and appealing. These changes in outlook deeply affected the musical culture of the Renaissance period — how people thought about music as well as the way music was composed，experienced, discussed, and dis- seminated. They could see the architectural monuments, sculptures, plays, and poems that were be- ing rediscovered, but they could not actually hear ancient music — although they could read the writ- ings of classical philosophers, poets, essayists, and music theorists that were becoming available in translation. They learned about the power of ancient music to move the listener and wondered why modern music did not have the same effect. For example, the influential religious leader Bernardino Cirillo expressed disappointment with the learned music of his time. He urged musicians to follow the example of the sculptors, painters, architects, and scholars who had rediscovered ancient art and lit- erature.
The musical Renaissance in Europe was more a general cultural movement and state of mind than a specific set of musical techniques. Furthermore, music changed so rapidly during this century and a half — though at different rates in different countries — that we cannot define a single Renaissance style.
1.What is the passage mainly about?2.It can be inferred from the passage that thinkers of the Renaissance were seeking a rebirth of( ).3.According to the passage, Renaissance artists and writers had all of the following intentions EX-CEPT( ).4.The word “disseminated” in line 16 is closest in meaning to( ) 5.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the absence of a single Renais-sance musical style?
A.The musical compositions that best illustrate the developments during the European Renais-sance. B.The musical techniques that were in use during the European Renaissance. C.The European Renaissance as a cultural development that included changes in musical style. D.The ancient Greek and Roman musical practices used during the European Renaissance.问题2： A.communication among artists across Europe B.spirituality in everyday life C.a cultural emphasis on human values D.religious themes in art that would accompany the traditional secular themes问题3： A.using religious themes B.portraying only the pleasant parts of human experience C.producing art that people would find attractive D.creating works that were easily understood问题4： A.played B.documented C.spread D.analyzed问题5： A.The musical Renaissance was defined by technique rather than style. B.The musical Renaissance was too short to give rise to a new musical style. C.Renaissance musicians adopted the styles of both Greek and Roman musicians. D.During the Renaissance, music never remained the same for very long.