My topic today is “The Car and Air Pollution.” In particular, I want firstly to discuss the ways in which the car causes air pollution; and secondly, how we can control or reduce air pollution from the car.First, then, how does the car cause air pollution? 1. What happens is that the car’s internal combustion engine is a kind of chemical factory on a small scale. It uses a mixture of petrol and air, and this mixture explodes and burns, to produce the energy which propels the car. 2. But while this is happening, many complicated chemical reactions are taking place. In particular, part of the petrol-air mixture is not completely burned up, and so the exhaust gases from the engine contain some very dangerous chemicals, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and hydrocarbons.This is the situation, then, and it’s going to get much worse, unless we do something about it. So let’s focus our attention now on ways of controlling or reducing the amount of air pollution caused by the car.First, we can discourage the use of cars. For example, we can put higher taxes on petrol, and on cars themselves, especially on larger ones that use a lot of petrol.3.Second, we can encourage alternative methods of transport, both between and within urban areas. For instance, we can make train and bus services cheaper and more convenient. And we can build a mass transit system in large cities, particularly an underground railway system.Next, we can use a different and cleaner fuel for the internal combustion engine.Fourth, we can replace the internal combustion engine with other designs. There are several possibilities being researched at present, such as electric, gas turbine, and “steam” engines gas turbine, and steam engines. However, each of these designs has its own disadvantages.4.Last but not the least, we are trying to control the emissions from the internal combustion engine much more strictly. This, for example, is a catalytic (催化式) converter, which converts the most dangerous ingredients of the car exhaust into water and harmless gases.As I’m sure you can see, there are problems with each of these ways; but at least they’re a step in the right direction. Probably the best answer is a synthesis of all five.

Directions:Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to(4) , from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

Experimental sciences, based on the observation of the external world, cannot aspire to completeness; the nature of things, and the imperfection of our organs,______.

A.are likely opposing it B.are opposed to it and the like C.are alike opposed it D.are opposing it likewise

Helicobacter pylori is one of humanity’s oldest and closest companions, and yet it took scientists more than a century to recognize it. As early as 1875, German anatomists found spiral bacteria colonizing the mucus layer of the human stomach, but because the organisms could not be grown in a pure culture, the results were ignored and then forgotten. It was not until 1982 that Australian doctors Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren isolated the bacteria, allowing investigations of H pylori’s role in the stomach to begin in earnest. Over the next decade researchers discovered that people carrying the organisms had an increased risk of developing peptic ulcers—breaks in the lining of the stomach or duodenum—and that H pylori could also trigger the onset of the most common form of stomach cancer.Just as scientists were learning the importance of H pylori, however, they discovered that the bacteria are losing their foothold in the human digestive tract. Whereas nearly all adults in the developing would still carry the organism, its prevalence is much lower in developed countries such as the U.S. Epidemiologists believe that H pylori has been disappearing from developed nations for the past 100 years thanks to improved hygiene, which blocks the transmission of the bacteria, and to the widespread use of antibiotics. As H pylori has retreated, the rates of peptic ulcers and stomach cancer have dropped. But at the same time, diseases of the esophagus — including acid reflux disease and a particularly deadly type of esophageal cancer—have increased dramatically, and a wide body of evidence indicates that the rise of these illnesses is also related to the disappearance of H pylori.

1. The author’s primary purpose in writing this passage is to( ).

2.Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

3.Which of the following would most probably follow the last sentence of this passage?

A.alter people to the harm of H pylori colonization of the stomach B.make people aware of the harm of eradicating H pylori from the stomach C.suggest that the benefits of eradicating H pylori from the stomach are not outweighed by the potential harm. D.call attention to the consequences of eradicating H pylori from the stomach.问题2： A.Improvements in sanitation are a vital element in helping ward off peptic ulcers. B.People in the developing countries are not likely to contract esophageal diseases. C.Nowadays few people in the developed countries suffer from stomach cancer. D.Scientists have long recognized H pylori’s important role in the stomach, but could do nothing about.问题3： A.Furthermore, the disappearance of H pylori may be a sentinel indicating the possibility of other microbial extinctions as well. B.The possibility that this bacterium may actually protect people against disease of the esophagus has significant implications. C.However, there has been an unexpected rise in the incidence of a new class of diseases involving the esophagus. D.The rise of these diseases has occurred just as H pylori has been disappearing, and it is tempting to associate the two phenomena.

s="" political="" base.(4)Mr. Goeglein was influential in decisions on a range of question important to that constituency, including stem cell research, abortion and faith-based initiatives. A blogger in Mr. Goeglein's hometown, Fort Wayne, Ind. , found the plagiarism. (5)"This is not acceptable, and we are being disappointed in Tim's actions,” a White House spokeswoman, Emily Lawrimore, said Friday morning, hours before Mr. Goeglein resigned. (6)“He is offered no excuses, and he agrees it was wrong.” (7) Mr. Goeglein, 44, is small known outside Washington. (8) He is a familiar figure to conservatives and evangelical Christians, who knew him as a spokesman for Gary L. Bauer, the conservative who ran as president in 2000.(9) When Mr. Bauer dropped out the race, Mr. Goeglein signed on with Mr. Bush, eventually becoming a top aide to Karl Rove, the chief political strategist. (10)He was the eyes and ears of the White House in the world of religion conservatives and an emissary to that world for Mr. Rove and the president.'>

(1) A longtime aide to President Bush who wrote occasional guest columns for his hometown newspaper resigned on Friday evening after admitted that he had repeatedly plagiarized from other writers. (2) The White House called his actions unaccepted. (3) The aide, Tim Goeglein, worked for Mr. Bush since 2001, as a liaison to social and religious conservatives, an important component of the president's political base. (4) Mr. Goeglein was influential in decisions on a range of question important to that constituency, including stem cell research, abortion and faith-based initiatives. A blogger in Mr. Goeglein's hometown, Fort Wayne, Ind. , found the plagiarism. (5) "This is not acceptable, and we are being disappointed in Tim's actions,” a White House spokeswoman, Emily Lawrimore, said Friday morning, hours before Mr. Goeglein resigned. (6) “He is offered no excuses, and he agrees it was wrong.” (7) Mr. Goeglein, 44, is small known outside Washington. (8) He is a familiar figure to conservatives and evangelical Christians, who knew him as a spokesman for Gary L. Bauer, the conservative who ran as president in 2000.(9) When Mr. Bauer dropped out the race, Mr. Goeglein signed on with Mr. Bush, eventually becoming a top aide to Karl Rove, the chief political strategist. (10) He was the eyes and ears of the White House in the world of religion conservatives and an emissary to that world for Mr. Rove and the president.

In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).

The contribution genes make to intelligence increases as children grow older. This goes against thenotion that most people hold that as we age，environmental influences gradually overpower the geneticlegacy we are bom with and may have implications for education. “People assume the genetic influencegoes down with age because the environmental differences between people pile up in life,”says RobertPlomin. “What we found was quite amazing, and goes in the other direction.”Previous studies have shown variations in intelligence are at least partly due to genetics. To find out whether this genetic contribution varies with age, Plomin’s team pooled data from six separate studies carried out in the US, the UK, Australia and the Netherlands, involving a total of 11,000 pairs of twins. In these studies, the researchers tested twins on reasoning, logic and arithmetics to measure a quantity called general cognitive ability, or “G”. Each study also included both identical twins, with the same genes, and fraternal twins, sharing about half their genes, making it possible to distinguish the contributions of genes and environment to their G scores.Plomin’s team calculated that in childhood, genes account for about 41 percent of the variation inintelligence. In adolescence, this rose to 55 percent； by young adolescence, it was 66 percent. No one knows why the influence from genes should increase with age, but Plomin suggests that as children getolder，they become better at exploiting and manipulating their environment to suit their genetic needs,and says “ Kids with high G will use their environment to foster their cognitive ability and choose friendswho are like-minded. ” Children with medium to low G may choose less challenging pastimes andactivities, further emphasizing their genetic legacy.Is there any way to interfere with the pattern? Perhaps. “The evidence of strong heritability doesn’tmean at all that there is nothing you can do about it，” says Susanne Jaeggi，“From our own work, theones that started off with lower IQ scores had higher gains after training. ’’Plomin suggests that genetic differences may be more emphasized if all children share an identical curriculum instead of it being tailored to children’s natural abilities. “My inclination would be to give everyone a good education, but put more effort into the lower end,” he says. Intelligence researcher Paul Thompson agrees: “It shows that educators need to steer kids towards things drawing out their natural talents.”

1.What is the common notion that people hold about genes?2.The study by Plomin’s team aims to find out ( )3.From the experiment with twins, Plomin’s team draws a conclusion that( ) .

4.The word “pattern” in paragraph four is closest in meaning to( ) .

5.Which of the following might Plomin’s team least agree to?

A.Humans can do little to change the genetic differences between people. B.Genetic influence becomes stronger when people receive education. C.Genes contribute more to one’s intelligence than environmental factors. D.Environmental factors lessen the influence of genes on one’s intelligence.问题2： A.whether variations in intelligence are caused by genetic differences B.how to overpower genetic factors with new educational approaches C.whether genetic contribution to one’s intelligence varies with age D.the relationship between environment and genes问题3： A.genetic contribution increases when one grows older B.genetic influence decreases when age increases C.environment has more impact on fraternal twins than identical twins D.it remains a mystery how genes and environment co-influence people问题4： A.cognitive ability B.strong heritability C.genetic legacy D.challenging pastimes问题5： A.An identical curriculum to school children. B.A differentiated course design to children with varied IQ. C.More effort directed at children with medium or low G. D.Education tailored to children’s natural abilities.

Traditional fairytales are being ditched by parents because they are too （ ）for their young children, a study found.

A.scarce B.scary C.scared D.scarred