Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for“academic mobility”is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have been comforting to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by ridicule or neglect.In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aero plane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately possible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantities and require no further mention: there are far more centers of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students.In addition, one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some, isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.Frequently these specializations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also where the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a long time. It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of cooperation and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centers of research and to meet each other in conferences and symposia. From these meetings come personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalized schemes of cooperation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus.1.According to the passage, scholars and students are great travelers because （ ）.2.The writer says that travel was important in the past because it（ ） .3.The writer thinks that academic work has recently become more specialized because（ ） .4.The writer claims that it is important for specialists to be able to travel because（ ） .5.Developments in international co-operation are often, it is suggested, the result of（ ） .
A.salaries and conditions are better abroad B.standards are higher at foreign universities C.they are eager for new knowledge D.their governments encourage them to travel
问题2：
A.led to economic progress B.was a way of spreading ideas C.made new ideas less shocking D.broke down political barriers
问题3：
A.more people are studying sciences B.a greater variety of subjects is studied C.more students are doing postgraduate work D.the number of universities has increased
问题4：
A.their fellow experts are scattered round the world B.their laboratories are in remote places C.there are so many people working in similar fields D.there is a lot of dissatisfaction with social affairs at universities
问题5：
A.articles in learned journals B.programs sponsored by governments C.friendships formed by scholars at meetings D.the work of international agencies
Hunting is thought to be（ ） for the extinction of some wildlife.
A.responsible B.blamed C.charged D.denounced
Music is the result of thought in the form of attitude, or stance. There is no one way of thinking, since men’s values are as scattered and dissimilar as individual men themselves. If black music can be seen as the result of certain attitudes, certain specific ways of thinking about the world, then my basic hypothesis about music is understood. The black man’s music changed as he changed, reflecting shifting attitudes or consistent attitudes within change contexts. It is why the music changed that seems most important to me.When jazz first began to appear on the American scene during the twenties, in one form or another, it was introduced in many instances by white Americans. Yet its original conception and its most vital development were the result of certain attitudes, or empirical ideas, attributable to the Afro-American culture. Jazz as played by white musicians was not the same as that played by black musicians nor was there any reason for it to be. The music of the white jazz musician was, at its most profound, a learned art.The blues, for example, which I take to be an autonomous black music, was practically ignored in pre-jazz white American culture. Blues is an extremely important part of jazz. However the way in which jazz utilizes the blues “attitude” provided a musical analogy the white musician could understand, and thus he could arrive at a style of jazz music. The white musician understood the blues first as music, but seldom as an attitude, since the attitude of the white musician was necessarily quite a different one. And in many cases, it was not consistent with the making of jazz.Thus, the trumpets of Bix Beiderbecke and Louis Armstrong were very dissimilar. The white middle-class boy from Lowa was an inborn intellectual and had an emotional life that was based on his conscious or unconscious disapproval of most of the ritual of his culture. On the other hand Armstrong was, in terms of an emotional archetype, an honored priest of his culture. He was not rebelling against anything with his music. The incredible irony of the situation was that both stood in similar places in the superstructure of American society; Beiderbecke, because of his isolation and deviation from mass culture; and Armstrong, because of the socio-historical separation of the black man from the rest of American.1.Which of the following best states the underlying idea of the passage?2.With which of the following statements about the relationship between blues and jazz in American culture would the author be most likely to agree?3.The tone of the author’s discussion of the blues is primarily one of（ ） .4.According to the author, Beiderbecke and Armstrong were similar in which of the following?5.The author implies that the kinds of music produced by Beiderbecke and Armstrong differ greatly because（ ） .
A.Because of environmental influences, the music of black and white artists must be very different. B.Because it is the result of thought, the music of black artists can be learned by white musicians. C.Because jazz is primarily a musical form created on inspiration, it is difficult for one musician to copy the style of another. D.Because music has social significance, its influence on black white relations should not be underestimated.
问题2：
A.Jazz placed more emphasis on Afro-American culture than did the blues B.Jazz changed the attitudes of white musicians toward Afro-American culture. C.Jazz was based on the blues attitude, but expressed it in a manner that was comprehensible to white musicians. D.Jazz was a form of music that had to be understood in order to be played, whereas the blues had to be learned.
问题3：
A.indifference B.appreciation C.curiosity D.uncertainty
问题4：
A.The attitudes they brought to their music. B.Their ability to reflect other cultures in their music. C.Their relationships to the cultures of their ancestors. D.The positions they came to hold in American society.
问题5：
A.the attitudes of blacks and whites as reflected in their music are necessarily different. B.Beiderbecke’s intellectualism hampered his
The flowers languished from lack of water.
A.withered B.flourished C.vanished D.stopped growing
As one of the youngest professors in the university, Miss King is certainly on the（ ） of a brilliant career.
A.threshold B.edge C.porch D.course
Saving money regularly during one’s working years will help to（ ）one’s old age from want.
A.safeguard B.assure C.guard D.guarantee
He wished he（ ）more about the subject, so he could talk about it.
A.had known B.knew C.would know D.knows
We（ ）our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
A.just have had B.have just had C.just had D.had just hadWhat you say now is not（ ） with what you said last week.
A.consistent B.persistent C.permanent D.insistent
（ ） troublesome the problem is, he faces it with patience.
A.However B.No matter C.Despite D.Although
It was（ ） that the restaurant discriminated against black customers.
A.addicted B.alleged C.attacked D.ascribed
He cited a Chinese proverb to the（ ） that you should never wish ill on your neighbor.
A.following B.evidence C.proof D.effect
There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, Television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences listed “biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community factors” as all playing their parts.Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “At this time, well over 1,000 studies... point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.”Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they saiD.. When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression”, only 28% supported a connection.The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read ‘aggressive’ or ‘non-aggressive’ words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.1.Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games?2.What is the skeptics (Line 3. Para. 3) view of media violence?3.The author uses the term “alarmists” (Line 1. Para. 5) to refer to those who（ ）.4.In refuting the alarmists, the author advances his argument by first challenging（ ）.5.What does the author think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?
A.There is a lot of violence in the real world today. B.Something has gone wrong with today’s society. C.Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed. D.Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.
问题2：
A.Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life. B.Most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers. C.A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence. D.The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.
问题3：
A.use standardized measurements in the studies of media violence B.initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on reality C.assert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behavior D.use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior
问题4：
A.the source and amount of their data B.the targets of their observation C.their system of measurement D.their definition of violence
问题5：
A.More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.
Wood carving began as a necessity in America and developed into an art. Because of the lack of other materials, early settlers were forced to make tools and utensils out of wood. At first, these articles were whittled with a knife, but when pioneer craftsmen set up their primitive shops, most of them were fashioned on a lathe—a machine which holds an object and rotates it while it is being shaped by a tool.However, even after Massachusetts-born Blanchard designed a lathe which could turn irregular shapes—an innovation that made possible mass production of gunstocks, shoe lasts, oblong and square woodenware — craftsmen who could use knife and chisel skillfully were still in demand. Some found ready employment in shops of cabinetmakers while others carved decoys. Still others specialized in creating shop signs, shop figureheads, or in decorating interior woodwork. A few even accepted commissions to make busts of prominent citizens.
1.This passage most likely came from a longer work about early American（ ）.2.According to the passage, the first settlers used wood for their utensils and tools because it was（ ） .
3.The passage suggests that early shops for making tools were（ ）.4.It can be inferred from the passage that, before Thomas Blanchard's invention, lathes（ ）.5.According to the passage, when wooden articles began to be mass-produced, what did many individual wood workers do?
A.arts and crafts B.political leaders C.logging industries D.fashion design问题2： A.durable B.inexpensive C.available D.attractive问题3： A.not very sophisticated B.known for doing very quick work C.dependent on imported materials D.frequented only by fashionable people问题4： A.were not made of wood B.could not produce square objects in mass production C.were found only in cabinetmaking shops D.could be used to make most tools and utensils问题5： A.They moved out of Massachusetts B.They found work making specialized items C.They made demands on government leaders D.They took jobs on ships as sailorsWe must not put off till tomorrow（ ） we can do today.
A.since B.while C.when D.what
I’m acting as（ ）while the manager is away on business.
A.agency B.policy C.deputy D.colleague
We can’t understand Uncle George, for he always （ ）whatever he says.
A.masters B.mumbles C.molests D.muzzles
Human beings are animals. We breathe, eat and digest, and reproduce the same life （1）common to all animals. In a biological laboratory, rats, monkeys, and humans seem very much the same.However, biological understanding is not enough: （2）itself, it can never tell us what human beings are.（3）to our physical equipment — the naked human body ― we are not an（4）animal. We are tropical creatures,（5）hairless and sensitive to cold. We are not fast and have neither claws nor sharp teeth to defend ourselves. We need a lot of food but have almost no physical equipment to help us to get it. In the purely physical（6） our species seems a poor （7） for survival.But we have survived-survived and multiplied and（8） the earth. Some day we will have a（9）living on the moon, a place with neither air nor water and with temperatures that turn gases into solids. How can we have done all these things? Part of the answer is physical. （10） its limitations, our physical equipment has some important （11） We have excellent vision and hands that can（12）objects with a precision unmatched by any other （13）. Most importantly, we have a large brain with an almost （14） number of neural （15） .We have used this physical equipment to create culture, the key to our survival and success. If we live in the Arctic, we supply the warmth our tropical bodies need （16） clothing, shelter, and（17） heat. If a million people want to live in a desert that supplies natural food for only a few hundred, we find water to grow food and（18） deficits by transporting supplies from distant places. Inhabitants of our eventual moon colony will bring their own food and oxygen and then create an artificial earth environment to supply necessities. With culture, we can overcome our natural limitations.It was not always （19）. Our distant ancestors were just animals, faced with the limits of their physical equipment. They had no （20）and lacked the physical capacity to use it.
A.processes B.acts C.modes D.procedures
问题2：
A.On B.With C.For D.By
问题3：
A.Stripped B.Pared C.Peeled D.Removed
问题4：
A.intelligent B.impressive C.influential D.incentive
问题5：
A.barely B.hardly C.nearly D.scarcely
问题6：
A.meaning B.judgment C.perspective D.sense
问题7：
A.bet B.chance C.fact D.luck
问题8：
A.filled B.loaded C.stuffed D.scattered
问题9：
A.residence B.colony C.home D.empire
问题10：
A.Apart from B.With regard to C.With the exception of D.In spite of
问题11：
A.abilities B.potentials C.capabilities D.possibilities
问题12：
A.maneuver B.manage C.manipulate D.manufacture
问题13：
A.animal B.animals C.creatures D.creature44.
问题14：
A.infinite B.unknown C.boundless D.ceaseless
问题15：
A.connections B.relations C.activities D.accesses
问题16：
A.for B.to C.with D.by
问题17：
A.artificial B.fake C.unreal D.unauthentic
问题18：
A.add up B.break up C.make up D.cut up
问题19：
A.this B.thus C.hence D.that
问题20：
A.intellect B.equipment C.competence D.culture
It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be（ ） at the manager’s office.
A.declared B.obtained C.reclaimed D.recognized
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, about 35 years ago, government researchers realized that nitrates, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA. has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.
1.What is the best possible title of the passage?2.Which of the following statements is NOT true?3.How has science done something harmful to mankind?4.What are nitrates used for?5.The word 'carcinogenic' most nearly means ‘（ ） ’ .
A.Drug and Food B.Cancer and Health C.Food and Health D.Health and Drug问题2： A.Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons B.Some of the additives in our food are added to the food itself and some are given to the living animals C.Researchers have known about the potential dangers of food additives for over thirty-five years. D.Food may cause forty percent of cancer in world.问题3： A.Because of science, diseases caused by polluted food haven been virtually eliminated B.It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food. C.Because of the application of science, some potentially harmful substances have been added to food. D.The scientists have preserved the color of meats, but not of vegetables问题4： A.They preserve flavor in packaged foods. B.They preserve the color of meats C.They are the objects of research D.They cause the animals to become fatter问题5： A.trouble-making B.color-retaining C.money-making D.cancer-causing