Diseases of the twenty-first century are inevitably be different from those of the twentieth century; just as our present illnesses have been quite different from those of the nineteenth century. Although our health is improving in many ways and we are living longer than in previous decades, new diseases and conditions threaten the quality of our lives. We have already observed some significant changes in the 1980s that foretold what health problems lie ahead in the twenty-first century:Diseases of the immune system, not just AIDS but various conditions of a deficient or overactive immune system, have reached epidemic proportions.The number of people suffering from viral conditions that are incurable with conventional therapies is increasing, and the number of newly defined viral conditions, such as the Epstein-Barr Virus and cytomegalovirus, is also increasing significantly.More and more bacterial infections are becoming resistant to commonly used antibiotics and are requiring stronger antibiotics, which also are net always successful in curing the infections.Allergies to foods, to common substances such as animal hairs and house dust, and to new chemicals are becoming more prevalent. One in seven Americans had an allergy in 1950, as many as one in five had an allergy in 1970, and approximately 75 million Americans, or nearly one in three, had an allergy in 1985.Chronic disability is affecting people more frequently at younger and younger ages. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, the percentage of children under 17 years of age who are limited in activity due to chronic conditions increased by 86% from 1967 to 1979.Mental disease is affecting more and more people. The National Institute of Mental Health estimated in 1984 that one in every five Americans had a mental disorder. This same study revealed that, during a six-month period, 8.3% of Americans suffered from an anxiety disorder, 6.4% had an alcohol or drug problem, and 6% had a mood disorder.In addition to these various trends, one of the more significant facts that will affect the future of health care is that larger percentage of the population will be over 65 years old. According to projections by the US Bureau of the Census, the size of the American population Over 65 in 1985 will have doubled by 2030.Futurists generally assume that twenty-first century medicine will include new and more-powerful drugs and various innovative technological interventions. However, futurists tend to ignore the serious problems presently arising from conventional medications. According to 1986 statistics, the average American receives 7.5 prescriptions a yeah This is a particularly frightening number because we all know there are people who have not been prescribed any medications in the past year, which means that someone else is getting their 7.5 drugs.Since most drugs have side effects, some of which are quite serious, and since the sick person is often prescribed several drugs at the same time, any of which may have even greater potential for side effects, it is no wonder that 50% of the time people do not even get their drug prescriptions filled. Additionally various studies have indicated that 25% to 90% of the time patients make errors in administering the medicines. Despite the respect that people generally show inward present-day physicians, there does not seem to be equal confidence in the treatments they prescribe.

1.That diseases of the 21st century are different from those of 20th century is（ ） .2.Which of the following is true about diseases of the immune system?3.Which of the following statements is NOT true?4.We may infer from the passage that（ ） .5.According to the National Institute of Mental Health, in 1984, （ ） .

A.what scientists are worried about B.a well-grounded statement C.drawn on changes in the medical profession D.not necessarily true问题2： A.They refer to AIDS only. B.They become epidemic in the 21st century. C.They crop up in various organs. D.They make patients overactive and feel restless.问题3： A.Cases of chronic

If there is one thing interpreters working for the European Union dread，it is attempts at humour. It is not just that jokes are hard to translate ； because of the time needed for interpretation, they can prompt laughter at the wrong moment. A speaker once began with an anecdote，and then mourned a dead colleague — to be met by a gale of giggles, as listeners got his joke.The time-lags have grown worse with the expansion of the EU, to make a total of 25 countries. Finding interpreters who can translate directly from Estonian to Portuguese is well-nigh impossible. So now speeches are translated in relays, first into English and then into a third language. If only everybody would agree to speak one or two official tongues，it would be easier. Or would it? In fact， misunderstandings can abound even when all parties speak fluent English or French. Cultural differences mean that a literal understanding of what someone says is often a world away from real understanding. For example, how many non-Brits could decode the irony (and literary allusion) which lies behind the expression “up to a point”，which is used to mean “no, not in the slightest”？The problem is now so widely recognized that informal guides to what the French or the English really mean, when they are speaking their mother tongues, have been drawn up by other nationalities.One has written for the Dutch, trying to do business with British. Another was written by British diplomats, as a guide to the language used by their French counterparts. The fact that the Dutch — so eerily fluent in English — should need a guide to Brit- speak is particularly striking. But the problem — to judge by the guide，which was spotted on an office wall in the European Court of Justice ——is that Brits make their points in an indirect manner that the plain-speaking Nederlanders find baffling.Hence the guide’s warning that when a Briton says “I hear what you say”，the foreign listener may understand: “He accepts my point of view. ” In fact, the British speaker means: “I disagree and I do not want to discuss it any further. ” Similarly the phrase with the greatest respect ” when used by an Englishman is recognizable to a compatriot as an icy put-down, correctly translated by the guide as meaning “I think you are wrong, or a fool. ”The British, the French and the Dutch are old sparring partners who know each other’s little ways. So the capacity for misunderstanding is amplified when nationalities that are less familiar with each other come into contact. Often the problems are less to do with the meaning of words than their unexpected impact on an audience. Take the European summit last December, when it fell to Silvio Berlusconi, the Italian prime minister, to try to wrap up sensitive negotiations over a proposed constitution for the European Union.When EU leaders filed into lunch, they were braced for tough negotiation； so they were startled when Mr. Berlusconi suggested that they discuss “football and women” -- and that Gerhard Schroder, the German chancellor, should lead the discuss, as he has been married four times. Some European diplomats conclude that Mr. Berlusconi must have been deliberately bating Mr. Schroder. But when the Italian leader was questioned about his chairmanship at a press conference, he grew hot under the collar， pointing out that he would hardly have become a billionaire unless he were fully capable of chairing a meeting. And indeed his defenders say that in Italian business circles it can be perfectly normal to set a jocular and relaxed tone before a difficult meeting, by discussing last night’s football, or even teasing your colleagues about their love lives.These sorts of misunderstandings are unlikely to be erased even if all Europe’s political leaders and bureaucrats were both willing and able to speak English. But ever-inventive Brussels is coming up with a solution of sorts through the emergence of “Euro-speak” -- a form of dead, bureaucratic English.

1.According to Paragraphs 1 and 2, which statement is TRUE?2.Why do the Dutch need a guide to Brit-speak?

Sleep is a funny thing. We’re taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke—probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn’t have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person’s motor person’s motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don’t think twice about operating without enough sleep.“I could tell you horror stories,” says Jays Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. “I was operating after being up for over 36 hours,” one writes. “I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound.”“Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work,” writes another. “I know of three who have hit parked cars... Another hit a ‘Jersey barrier’ on the New Jersey Turnpike, going 65 m.p.h.” “Your own patients have become the enemy,” writes a third, because they are “the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep.”Agrawal’s organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001, introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions, modeled on New York State’s regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit. Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley, a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan, agrees that something needs to be done but believes “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government.”The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is a place for doctors, patients are on their own. If you’re worried about the people treating you or a loved one, you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need.

1.We can learn from the first paragraph that（ ） .2.Speaking of the sleep problems doctors’ face, the author implies that （ ） .3.Paragraphs 3 and 4 are written to （ ） .4.By “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government”(line 6, paragraph 5), Dr. Charles Binkley means that（ ） .5.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?

A.people who sleep than 8 hours a day are more prone to illness B.poor sleep quality may be a sign of physical disorder C.stroke is often associated with sleep D.too much sleep can be as harmful as lack of sleep问题2： A.doctors often need little sleep to keep them energetic B.doctors’ sleep is deprived by residents C.doctors tend to neglect their own sleep problems D.sleep-deprived doctors are intoxicated问题3： A.entertain the audience with some anecdotes B.discuss the cause of doctors’ sleep problems C.show the hostility doctors harbor against their patients D.exemplify the danger doctors face caused by lack of sleep问题4： A.doctors should not abide by government’s regulations B.the government is interfering too much C.the regulations about workweek and work shift are too specific D.law cannot force a doctor to sleep while his conscience can问题5： A.Patients should control the hours

Centuries of wind and rain had worn away the（ ）on the gravestones.

A.descriptions B.prescriptions C.inscriptions D.conscriptions

After losing the court case the company became something of a _______ joke in the business world.

A.standing B.steady C.persisting D.settled

How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and， hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1.Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?2.The author uses “labor market problems” in Line 1 to refer to which of the following?3.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?4.The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by（ ）.5.According to the passage，one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to over-predict the amount of economic hardship is the （ ）.

A.What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering. B.Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty. C.Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures. D.How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and
问题2：
A.The overall causes of poverty. B.Deficiencies in the training of the work force. C.Trade relationships among producers of goods. D.Shortages of jobs providing adequate income.
问题3：
A.Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment. B.A compromise should be found between th