Based on hundreds of face-to-face interviews and surveys with students, sociologist Robert Manning of Georgetown University（1）both the number with credit card debt and their indebtedness （2）“systematically underreported” in previous studies which failed to reflect the “survival strategies” many used to （3） their debts. These included the use of federal student loans to pay （4） credit cards, effectively shifting the debt, （5） parents for loans, cutting back on course work to increase time at paid jobs or even （6） altogether to work full time. “Official drop-out rates include growing numbers of students who are unable to cope with the stress of their debts and/or （7）jobs for servicing their credit cards,” the study said.（8） , debts can haunt students. “Student credit card debts are increasingly （9）during the recruitment process and may be an important （10）in evaluating prospective employees.” it noted. And the （11） can also manifest in far more （12 ） ways.”Janne O’Donnell’s 20-year-old son, a junior at the University of Oklahoma, （13） .O’Donnell and Manning agreed students should （14）some responsibility for reckless use of credit, （15）said credit card companies also had to be held （16）for making it so easy for them to get into debt. Manning said one of the most （17） aspects of the student credit card issue was “the （18）of college and university administrators by the credit card industry.” Card issuers were （19）school programs, funding activities and even entering into business （20）with schools involving college-branded “affinity” cards, he said. “As a result, rather than protecting the economic and educational interests of their students, college administrators are playing an active and often disingenuous role in promoting the prominence of credit cards in collegiate life.”

A.indicated B.informed C.replied D.concluded
问题2：
A.had been B.was C.been D.were
问题3：
A.manage B.cope with C.attempt D.deal
问题4：
A.off B.with C.out D.down
问题5：
A.needs B.applies for C.appeals to D.requests
问题6：
A.falling down B.dropping out C.withdrawing D.retracing
问题7：
A.part time B.occasional C.by chance D.portion
问题8：
A.However B.Hence C.Eventually D.Even then
问题9：
A.scrutinized B.investigated C.searched D.inspired
问题10：
A.idea B.factor C.regiment D.sector
问题11：
A.pressure B.impact C.force D.stress
问题12：
A.tragic B.sad C.horrible D.disastrously
问题13：
A.mannered B.committed C.acted D.charged
问题14：
A.carry out B.tolerate C.bear D.undertake
问题15：
A.whereas B.yet C.unless D.but
问题16：
A.accountable B.reasonable C.reliable D.responsible
问题17：
A.breaking B.disturbing C.astonishing D.amazing
问题18：
A.seduction B.plague C.brick D.indulge
问题19：
A.organizing B.helping C.formatting D.sponsoring
问题20：
A.stock-holders B.partnerships C.friends D.coordinators

The speaker was regarded as a trouble maker because she （ ）the granting of equality to all regardless of race, color or sex.

A.verified B.developed C.adopted D.advocated

It is not uncommon for there （ ）problems of communication between the old and the young.

A.being B.would be C.be D.to be

His office is within （ ）from the post office.

A.a stone’s throw B.a throw of a stone C.stone’s throw D.the stone’s throw

Pity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then, most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject, which has blighted their holidays and mined their evenings.The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25% of PhD candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC’s response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39%. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University, the London School of Economics and the London Business School.Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style, of thesis, too.1.By the time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time（ ）.2.Oxford University would be excluded out of those universities that receive PhD grants from ESRC, because the completion rate of its PhD students’ theses within four years is lower than （ ）.3.All the following statements are the arguments against ESRC’s policy except （ ）.4.The ESRC would prefer （ ）.5.What the ESRC can do is to（ ）.

A.most of them died of some sickness B.their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobs. C.most of them are completely tired of the narrowly defined subject D.most of their grants run out.
问题2：
A.25% B.40% C.39% D.10%
问题3：
A.all the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negative. B.there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics. C.many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their theses. D.some polytechnics are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance.
问题4：
A.that the students were carrying out purely knowledge-based studies rather than being trained as researchers. B.to see higher standards of PhD students’ theses and more ambitious doctoral topics. C.more systemat

If only the patient （ ）a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.

A.had received B.received C.should receive D.were receiving