Parents are on a journey of discovery with each child whose temperament, biology, and sleep habits result in a unique sleep-wake pattern. It can be frustrating when children’s sleep habits do not conform to the household schedule. Helping the child develop good sleep habits in childhood takes time and parental attention, but it will have beneficial results throughout life. An understanding of the changing patterns of the typical sleep-wake cycle in children will help alleviate any unfounded concerns. Maintaining a sleep diary for each child will provide the parents with baseline information in assessing the nature and severity of childhood sleep problems. Observant parents will come to recognize unusual sleep disruptions or those that persist or intensify.Developmental changes throughout childhood bring differences in the sleep-wake cycle and in the type and frequency of parasomnias that may interrupt sleep. Medical consultation to rule out illness, infection of injury is prudent if the child’s sleep problems prevent adequate sleep and result in an ongoing sleep deficit. As reported by News-Medical in Child Health News, children’s sleep problems should be taken seriously as they may be a “marker” for predicting later risk of early adolescent substance use. In the same article. University of Michigan psychiatry professor Kirk Brower, who has studied “the interplay of alcohol and sleep in adults” stressed that “The finding does not mean there’s a cause-and-effect relationship.”Consultation with a child psychologist may be helpful if frightening dreams intensify and become more frequent as this may indicate a particular problem or life circumstance that needs to be changed or one that the child may need extra help working through.Most childhood sleep disturbance will diminish over time as the brain matures and a regular sleep-wake cycle is established. Parental guidance is crucial to development of healthy sleep habits in children.1.To have a journey of discovery with each child, according to the passage, is （ ）.2. In the first paragraph, the author suggests that parents（ ） .3.Where there exists a “marker” in the child, according to the passage（ ） .4.What is the author trying to tell us in the third paragraph?5.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.to discover their unique sleep-wake cycles B.to follow their behavioral preferences C.to alleviate their sleeping problems D.to explore their asset
问题2：
A.seek professional consultation for their child’s sleep problem B.adjust their household schedule to the child’s sleeping habit C.take their child’s unfounded concerns into consideration D.keep a diary on sleep pattern for their child
问题3：
A.it might lead to his or her early substance use B.he or she will carry it all his or her life C.it might interrupt his or her sleep pattern D.he or she is destined to be an alcoholic
问题4：
A.It takes time to combat sleeping problem in children. B.Sometimes parents need to seek professional assistance. C.Parents cannot afford to neglect their child’s sleeping problem. D.Much importance should be attached to the child’s life circumstance.
问题5：
A.Child sleep disturbance and its future impact. B.Child sleep disturbance and its family history. C.Parent’s role in building their child’s healthy sleeping habit. D.A psychological perspective on sleep disturbance in children.
Despite his doctor's note of caution, he never （ ）from drinking and smoking.
A.retained B.dissuaded C.alleviated D.abstained
The dictator relied on abuse of its opponents （ ）on sounding reasoning.
A.more than B.rather than C.other than D.better than
Mr. Smith （ ）with the government for thirty-seven years by the time he retires.
A.will work B.will have worked C.will be working D.will have been worked
Radical environmentalists have blamed pollutants and synthetic chemicals in pesticides for the disruption of human hormones.
A.disturbance B.distraction C.intersection D.interpretation
In the last century, new technology improved the lives of many people in many countries. However, one country resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia, the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate. Its people and Buddhist culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years. Bhutan, however was a poor country. People died at a young age. Most of its people could not read, and they did not know much about the outside world. Then, in 1972, a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modem, but without losing its traditions.King Wangchuck looked at other countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measured their progress by their Gross National Product(GNP). The GNP measures products and money. When the number of products sold increases, people say the country is making progress. King Wangchuck had a different idea for Bhutan. He wanted to measure his country’s progress by people’s happiness. If the people’s happiness increased, the king could say that Bhutan was making progress. To decide if people were happier, he created a measure called Gross National Happiness(GNH).GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier if they have health care, education, and jobs. They are happier when they live in a healthy, protected environment. They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally, people are happier when they have a good, stable government.Now there is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer. More people are educated and employed. Twenty-five percent of the land has become national parks, and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In 2008, King Wangchuck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king, it held its first democratic elections that year. Bhutan had political parties and political candidates for the first time. Finally, Bhutan has connected to the rest of the world through television and internet.Bhutan is a symbol for social progress. Many countries are now interested in Bhutan’s GNH. These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want to create new policies that take care of their people, cultures, and land.Brazil may be the nest country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principles of GNH as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as a measure of progress in Brazil, perhaps the rest of the world will follow.1.Who was Jigme Singye Wangchuck?2.Apart from modernizing Bhutan, what else did Wangchuck want to do for Bhutan?3.A country shows its progress with GNP by （ ）.4.According to GNH, people are happier if they （ ）.5. Today, many countries are （ ）.
A.A president. B.A Buddhist priest. C.A general D.A king
问题2：
A.To make its population grow. B.To keep it separate from the world. C.To encourage its people to get rich. D.To keep its tradition and customs
问题3：
A.selling more products B.spending more money C.spending less money D.providing more jobs
问题4：
A.have new technology B.can change their religion C.have a good, stable government D.have more money
问题5：
A.using the principles of GNH to measure their progress B.working together to develop a common scale to measure GNH C.talking both Bhutan and Brazil as symbols for social progress D.trying to find their own ways to measure happiness
The （ ）runner can run two miles in fifteen minutes.
A.common B.average C.usual D.general
Language may be（ ）of as a process which arises from social interaction.
A.comprised B.conceived C.disposed D.deprived
What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of [A] freedom’s fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme of individuals [B] struggle for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that [C] brought with it amazing technological advances that [D] helped expand the growth of freedom.
A.freedom’s fight B.struggle for their rights C.brought with D.helped expand
The predominant feature of his character is shyness, so he seldom （ ） his views in public.
A.conceals B.confides C.airs D.vents
In my twenties, I was （ ） to anxiety and depression, which I experienced as a depletion of my self-esteem.
A.inclined B.accountable C.prone D.poised
All draughts must be （ ） from the room.
A.ejected B.expelled C.excluded D.exiled
The Bush crowd bristles at the use of the “Q-word” —quagmire (沼泽) —to describe American involvement in Iraq. But with our soldiers fighting and dying with no end in sight, who can deny that Mr. Bush has gotten us into “a situation from which extrication is very difficult,” which is a standard definition of quagmire?More than 1,730 American troops have already died in Iraq. （1） She was one of six service members, including four women, who were killed when a suicide bomber struck their convoy in Falluja last week.With evidence mounting that US troop strength in Iraq was inadequate, Mr. Bush told reporters at the White House, “There are some who feel that the conditions are such that they can attack us there. My answer is, Bring them on. ” （2） A New Jersey Democrat said: “I am shaking my head in disbelief. When I served in the Army in Europe during World War Ⅱ, I never heard any military commander—let alone the commander in chief—invite enemies to attack US troops.” （3） “We've learned that Iraqis are courageous and that they need additional skills,” said Mr. Bush in his television address. “And that is why a major part of our mission is to train them so they can do the fighting, and then our troops can come home.”Don't hold your breath. （4） Whether one agreed with the launch of this war or not, the troops doing the fighting deserve to be guided by leaders in Washington who are at least minimally competent at waging war.（5）
A.It was an immature display of street-corner machismo (男子气概) that appalled people familiar with the agonizing ordeals of combat. B.The American death toll in Iraq at that point was about 200, but it was clear that a vicious opposition was developing. C.This is another example of the administration's inability to distinguish between a strategy and a wish. D.Some were little more than children when they signed up for the armed forces,like Ramona Valdez, who grew up in the Bronx and was just 17 when she joined the Marines. E.The latest fantasy out of Washington is that American-trained Iraqi forces will ultimately be able to do what the American forces have not: defeat the insurgency and pacify Iraq. F.That has not been the case, which is why we can expect to remain stuck in this tragic quagmire for the foreseeable future.
问题2：
A.It was an immature display of street-corner machismo (男子气概) that appalled people familiar with the agonizing ordeals of combat. B.The American death toll in Iraq at that point was about 200, but it was clear that a vicious opposition was developing. C.This is another example of the administration's inability to distinguish between a strategy and a wish. D.Some were little more than children when they signed up for the armed forces,like Ramona Valdez, who grew up in the Bronx and was just 17 when she joined the Marines. E.The latest fantasy out of Washington is that American-trained Iraqi forces will ultimately be able to do what the American forces have not: defeat the insurgency and pacify Iraq. F.That has not been the case, which is why we can expect to remain stuck in this tragic quagmire for the foreseeable future.
问题3：
A.It was an immature display of street-corner machismo (男子气概) that appalled people familiar with the agonizing ordeals of combat. B.The American death toll in Iraq at that point was about 200, but it was clear that a vicious opposition was developing. C.This is another example of the administration's inability to distinguish between a strategy and a wish. D.Some were little more than children when they signed up for the
Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change. A warmer won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes（片）of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable一too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population.This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it?One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering （危言耸听）.Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate.Clearly this glacier-free, decertified world—with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles—would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting.So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “ Earth's plan B”.Plan B involves making sure we have large scale geoengineering technologies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth's thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing.Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change.Whatever we do now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.1.To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of （ ）.2.As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will （ ）.3.It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is （ ）.4.Earth's Plan B is ambitious enough （ ）.5.Which of the following statements are the supporters of “Earth’s plan B” for?
A.the likelihood of climat
Yesterday I gave my mother（1） orange sweater for（2） birthday.句意: 昨天，我送了一件橘色的羊毛衫给我妈妈做生日礼物。
Some of the patients, especially the dying, wanted to （ ） in the man and woman who had eased their suffering.
A.confide B.ponder C.dwell D.reflect
The reason why James Bond movies are (A) so popular is (B) because (C) they combine the appeal of traditional spy (D) stories with the appeal of technological devices.
The author（ ） us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues.
A.dismissed B.agitated C.struck D.seized
Many students find（ ） jobs during their summer holidays.
A.contemptible B.temperate C.temporary D.contemporary
In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay.
环境污染与肺癌近几十年来，许多国家的流行病学(epidemiology)调查资料都表明，不少传染病的发病率和死亡率在不断下降，而癌症的发病率和死亡率却在不断上升。城市居民癌症和心血管疾病的发病率明显高于农村居民。大量的调查研究表明，癌症等疾病的发病率上升都与环境污染有关。由于环境污染对人体的作用一般具有剂量小、作用时间长等特点，所以容易被人们所忽视。往往病发之日，尚不知谁是元凶。环境污染就像邪恶的阴影，悄悄吞噬着人体的健康。肺及呼吸道是一个开放器官，与外界直接接触，外界很多致癌因素都可以导致肺癌。环境污染就是导致肺癌的一个重要原因。环境污染中最为重要的就是大气污染。大气污染的许多学者惊奇地发现，近50年来，随着工业和经济的发展、人们生活水平的提高，肺癌的发病率也显著提高，特别是世界经济发达地区的患者成倍地增加。例如，美国的病人在50年中，男性增加了18倍，女性增加了6倍。每4名癌症死亡病例中，就有1名是肺癌患者；每100名死亡病人中，有5名死于肺癌。就我国情况看，也有明显增加的趋势。上海市卢湾区1971年比1952年死亡率增长9.65倍；北京城区1975年比1958年死亡率增长2. 5倍。从全国恶性肿瘤排列顺序来看，肺癌占第5位；每100名癌症病人中，大约有8名是肺癌患者。肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，据WHO统计，每年全球估计有120万以上新发肺癌病例，死亡约110万人，平均每隔30S就有人死于肺癌。近年来，我国肺癌发病率及死亡率亦不断上升。国内外流行病学研究报吿称，大气污染易诱发肺癌而使死亡率增高。在公认的大气污染物中，颗粒物与人群健康效应终点的流行病学联系最为密切。把颗粒物对健康的危害做定量评价，近年来已成为WHO、欧盟等国际机构关注的热点之一。美国规定可吸入颗粒物（PM10）的日均值及年均值分别为0.15与0.05 mg/m3，我国1996年颁布的GB3095 — 1996规定PM10的二级标准日均值为0.15 mg/m3，年均值为0.10 mg/m3。1997年，美国国家环境保护局（EPA）率先推出PM2.5标准，严格规定日均值为0.065 mg/m3，年均值为0.015 mg/m3。PM10与PM2. 5都可增加患肺癌的危险。美国的研究表明，硫酸盐、硝酸盐、氢离子、元素碳、二次有机化合物及过渡金属都富集在细颗粒物上，而Ca、AI、Mg、Fe等元素则主要富集在粗颗粒物上，它们对人体的影响不同。PM2.5对人体的危害比PM10大，已成为环境空气控制政策的新目标。随着交通的发展、机动车辆的增加、环境的日益破坏，PM2.5污染越来越严重。研究发现，大气中PM2. 5在总悬浮颗粒物中的比率逐年增加，沉积在下呼吸道的96%颗粒物是PM2.5。城市大气中PM2.5主要来自于交通废气排放（18% ~54%）及气溶胶二次污染（30% ~41%）。综上，我们可以看出环境污染与我们的健康有着重要的关系。我们必须全力以赴保护环境，因为保护环境就是保护自己！