Are some people born clever, and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experience? Strangely enough, the answer to these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given to us at birth, and no amount of education can make a genius out of a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the limits of person's intelligence are fixed at birth, whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people at random from population, it is likely that their degree of intelligence will be completely different. If, on the other hand, we take two identical twins, they will very likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have similar intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We should soon find difference in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all are likely to have similar degree of intelligence.1.The writer is in favor of the view that a man's intelligence is given to him （ ）.2.If a child is born with low intelligence, he can （ ）.3.In the second paragraph “if we take two unrelated people at random from population” means if we （ ）.4.The example of the twins going to a university and to a factory separately shows （ ）.5.The best title of this passage could be（ ）.
A.at birth B.through education C.both at birth and through education D.neither at birth nor through education
问题2：
A.become a genius B.still become a genius if he is given special education C.reach his intellectual
Salaries for （ ）positions seem to be higher than for permanent ones.
A.legal B.optional C.voluntary D.temporary
The skeleton of a primitive bird that was recently discovered indicated that this ancient creature （ ）today’s birds in that, unlike earlier birds and unlike reptilian ancestors, it had not a tooth in its head.
A.obscured B.preempted C.foreshadowed D.anticipated
Once the vice-chancellor of a university is （ ）, he begins his term of office.
A.launched B.commenced C.inaugurated D.initiated
Charles is accurate （ ）his calculations.
A.with B.for C.in D.to
（ ） at a music store was one of Lil Armstrong’s first professional jobs as a young pianist when she came to Chicago in 1917.
A.Demonstration tunes B.Demonstrating tunes C.Demonstrate tunes D.Tunes that demonstrated
Globalization is a phenomenon and a revolution. It is sweeping the world with increasing speed and changing the global landscape into something new and different. Yet, like all such trends, its meaning, development, and impact puzzle many. We talk about globalization and experience its effects, but few of us really understand the forces that are at work in the global political economy.When people use their cell phones, log onto the Internet, view events from around the world on live television, and experience varying cultures in their own backyards, they begin to believe that this process of globalization is a good thing that will bring a variety of new and sophisticated changes to people’s lives. Many aspects of this technological revolution bring fun, ease, and sophistication to people’s daily lives. Yet the anti-World Trade Organization (WTO) protests in Seattle, Washington in 1999 and Washington, D. C. in 2000 are graphic illustrations of the fact that not everyone believes that globalization is a good thing. Many Americans who have felt left out of the global economic boom, as well as Latin Americans, Africans, and Asians who feel that their job skills and abilities are being exploited by multinational corporations (MNCs) in a global division of labor, believe that this system does not meet their needs. Local cultures that believe that Wal-Mart and McDonald’s bringing cultural change and harm rather than inexpensive products and convenience criticize the process. In this way, globalization, like all revolutionary forces, polarizes people, alters the fabric of their lives, and creates rifts within and between people.Many in the West, along with the prominent and elite among MNCs, educators, and policymakers, seem to have embraced globalization. They argue that it helps to streamline economic systems, disciplines labor and management, brings forth new technologies and ideas, and fuels economic growth. They point to the relative prosperity of many Western countries and argue that this is proof of globalization’s positive effects. They see little of the problems the critics identify. In fact, those who recognize some structural problems in the system argue that despite these issues, globalization is like across the developing world, view globalization as an economic and cultural wave that tears at the fabric of centuries-old societies. They see jobs emerging disappearing in a matter of months, people moving across the landscape in record numbers, elites amassing huge fortunes while local cultures and traditions are swept away, and local youth being seduced by promises of American material wealth and distanced from their own cultural roots. These critics look past the allure of globalization and focus on the disquieting impact of rapid and system-wide change.The irony of such a far-ranging and rapid historical process such as globalization is that both proponents and critics may be right. The realities of globalization are both intriguing and alarming. As technology and the global infrastructure expand, ideas, methods, and services are developed and disseminated to greater and greater numbers of people. As a result, societies and values are altered, some for the better and others for the worse.1.The author complains that（ ） .2.The anti-world Trade Organization protests indicate that（ ） .3.Like all revolutionary forces, the process of globalization（ ） .4.Proponents of globalization sing its praises on the basis of（ ） .5.To critics, the worst thing that globalization has brought to us is（ ） .
A.few of us have a clear idea about the forces behind global political economy B.globalization is now sweeping the world with increasing speed C.we are puzzled by the true meaning of globalization D.too many people use cell phones to log onto the Internet
问题2：
A.many people feel that they have been left out B.the process of globalization brings more than fun, ease and entertainment C.not everyone is convinced that globalization is a good thing D.the end of globalization has become more graphic
问题3：
A.brings inexpensive pro
AS the planet warms, floods, storms, rising seas and drought will uproot millions of people and with dire wider consequences. Barack Obama, collecting his Nobel peace prize, said that climatic change “will fuel more conflict for decades”. He took the analysis not from environmental scaremongers but from a group of American generals.The forecast is close （1）becoming received wisdom. A flurry of new books with titles such as “Global Warring” and “Climatic Conflict” offer near-apocalyptic visions. Cleo Pascal, at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London, predicts those floods, storms, the failure of the Indian monsoon and agricultural collapse will bring “enormous mad specific geopolitical, economic and security consequences for all of us...the world of tomorrow looks chaotic and violent”. Jeffrey Mazo of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, also in London, calls climatic change an “existential threat” and fears it could usher （2） “state failure and internal conflict” in exposed places, notably Africa.Yet surprisingly few facts support these alarming assertions. Widely touted forecasts such asfor 200m climatic refugees in fire next few decades seem to have been plucked （3） the air.Little or no academic research has looked at questions such as whether Bangladeshis displaced by a rising sea would move a series of short distances over a long period, or (more disruptively) a greater distance immediately.So scientists preparing the fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, due in 2013, are for the first time including a chapter on threats to human security. An early effortcame at a conference last month in Norway, （4） the auspices of the Peace Research Institute in Oslo.One idea is to find previous occasions when big environmental changes came （5） social,political and military shifts. Droughts in the Central Asian steppe, for example, led to mass westward migration and the “barbarian” invasions that helped topple the Roman Empire. Hunger and drought led to the collapse of Mayan civilization a millennium ago. Sudden cooling wiped out an early European settlement on Greenland. The Dust Bowl of the 1930s forced over 2m people to migrate within the United States.Those examples may be relevant in Africa, where in many countries around three-quarters of the population survive by cultivating a few varieties of crops watered directly by rain, the form offarming most vulnerable （6） climatic change. Africa has warmed by 0.5°C on average in thepast half century, and may heat by 1.5-4°C more this century. Heat hits cereal yields (specially maize), perhaps by 10-20% for a 1 *C rise. Rainfall patterns will also shift.The hardest evidence for a link so far comes from a team led by Marshall Burke of the University of California, which studied African wars from 1980 to 2002 and found that rising temperatures arc indeed associated with crop failure, economic decline and a sharp rise in the likelihood of war. It predicted a “50% increase” in the chance of civil war in Africa by 2030.But that claim is now heavily revised, since researchers redid their sums to take account of the more peaceful period of 2002-08. Others say that political and other factors such as ethnic conflict and outside intervention are far better indicators of the likelihood of fighting.Take the widely cited case of the war in Darfur, the western region of Sudan. Ban Ki-moon,the UN secretary-general, described it as “an ecological crisis, arising at least（7）part fromclimate change”. Environmental problems have probably worsened the Darfur’s dreadful plight, offering grist to those who call climate change a “threat multiplier5，. Average rainfall in the region fell abruptly (by a third or more) in the early 1970s and Darfur repeatedly suffered droughts. Clashes over grazing and then displacement of villagers were followed, from 2003, by horrific war.Yet the connection is elusive. Roughly three decades elapsed between the rain stopping and war starting. Many other factors political, ethnic, demographic and economic conspi
A firm might sometimes sell at a loss to drive a competitor out of business, and （ ）increase its market power.
A.therefore B.thereby C.hence D.further
Oil can change a society more（ ）than anyone could ever imagined.
A.uniquely B.drastically C.delicately D.severely
Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United States. These economics employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are commonplace. Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about price-fixing, the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic development. There is no indication that they have.Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices. In the early 1970s, the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system. Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a return to the free market. But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established by a free market over which they exercise less influence than are capital firms; rather, Soviet firms have been given the power to fix prices.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）.2.The author's attitude toward "Most economists in the United States” (Para, 1) can best be described as （ ）.3.It can be inferred from the author's argument that a price fixed by the seller “seems pernicious” (Para, 1) because （ ）.4.The suggestion in the passage that price-fixing in industrialized societies is normal arises from the author’s statement that price-fixing is（ ）.
A.refute the theory that the free market plays a useful role in the development of industrialized societiesB.suggest methods by which economists and members of the government of the Unite States can recognize and combat price-fixing by large firmsC.show that in industrialized societies price-fixing and the operation of the free market a
She sewed a （ ）on the knee of her trousers.
A.pinch B.plaster C.punch D.patch
Comets are still regarded with awe by some people.
A.wonder B.concern C.resentment D.detachment
Many soldiers have to remind themselves when they return home not to use（ ）of the barracks.
A.vulgar B.gross C.rough D.coarse
Most of the nonverbal communication at work centers on a single theme: power, which translates into status. In every species and society, those in control try to（1）large, strong and fearless. （2） some other animals （3） dominance, humans have their own ways of signaling who's in （4） . “In our culture, status shows （5） subtly in the relaxed posture and way of interaction” say Albert Mehrabian, a professor of psychology. （6） , those lower in position characteristically display more （7） . “The classic example is the soldier standing at （8） in the presence of the superior officer," says Mehrabian.The leaders in a group usually are the ones who lean back in their chairs. To make the point, they may lean （9） . Their gestures are large and fluid, （10） an easy confidence and command of space. （11） also take greater control of conversation. “The person in authority （12） to talk more, speak louder and （13） others,” says Mehrabian. The bodies of the powerful can also “leak” messages of weakness that always betray （14） they're really feeling. Imagine this （15） : the head of your company announces to his staff that the firm has been bought by a giant corporation. “This is great news!” he says “The new owners are more （16） than ever.”As he speaks, your boss stands stiffly behind the chair, his hands clasped in front of him. He smiles often, （17） his eyes have a serious look. His voice is flat, and the （18） seems higher than usual. Should you believe him? “Look for differences （19）what you're seeing and what you're hearing,” suggests Austin. Your boss’s body language is （20） reassuring.
A.pretendB.appearC.seemD.disguise
问题2：A.AsB.BesidesC.LikeD.Despite
问题3：A.assertingB.declaringC.confirmingD.claiming
问题4：A.managementB.dutyC.obligationD.charge
问题5：A.itB.itselfC.themD.us
问题6：A.ConsequentlyB.UnfortunatelyC.ConverselyD.Undoubtedly
问题7：A.rigidityB.dignityC.vigorD.rigor
问题8：A.peaceB.lengthC.easeD.attention
问题9：A.forwardB.towardC.ahead
In selecting a material the engineer’s interest is in its properties which determine how it will perform under the loads and condition（ ） it is subject.
A.where B.which C.in which D.to which
A leader, young or old, must have character traits that inspire others to accept his leadership. He must display courage, intelligence, and（ ）.
A.wisdom B.bravery C.shrewdness D.integrity
The mayor was asked to （ ）his speech in order to allow the audience to raise questions.
A.constrain B.conduct C.condense D.converge
There seems never to have been a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do.In the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. The changes have been mostly in terms of craftsmanship, mechanics, and technology. It is the universality of toys with regard to their development in all parts of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles.Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of ascent. The progress from a rattle（拔浪鼓）used by a baby in 3,000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of available materials.1.The reason why the toys most boys play with are different from those that girls play with is that （ ）.2.One aspect of “the universality of toys” lies in the fact that （ ）.3.Which of the following is the author’s view on the historical development of toys?4.Regarded as a kind of art form, toys （ ）.5.The author uses the example of a rattle to show that（ ）.
A.their social roles are rigidly determined B.most boys would like to follow their fathers’ professions C.boys like to play with their fathers while girls with their mothers D.they like challenging activities
问题2：
A.technological advances have greatly improved the durability of toys B.the improvement of craftsmanship in making toys depends on the efforts of universities C.the exploration of the universe has led to the creation of new kinds of toys D.the basic characteristics of toys are the same the world over
问题3：
A.The craftsmanship in toy-making has remained essentially unchanged. B.Toys have remained basically the same all through the centuries. C.The toy industry has witnessed great leaps in technology in recent years. D.Toys are playing an increasingly important role in shaping a child’s character.
问题4：
A.follow a direct line of ascent B.also appeal greatly to adults C.are not characterized by technological progress D.reflect the pace of social progress
问题5：
A.in toy-making there is a continuity in the use of materials B.even the simplest toys can reflect the progress of technology C.it often takes a long time to introduce new technology into toy-making D.even a simple toy can mirror the artistic tastes of the time
The Romans （ ）a large part of Europe and the Middle Fast.
A.submitted B.subdued C.oppressed D.predominated