After hydrogen, helium is the second most abundant element in the universe. But how do astronomers know that? It might seem that the philosopher Auguste Comte was on solid ground when he stated in 1844 that, because of the remoteness of the stars, we could never know their chemical composition. Yet only a few years later chemists discovered that under the proper circumstances every element emits a certain combination of colors of light that can identify it, just as your fingerprints can identify you. By analyzing the light coming from stars, astronomers have been able to identify the different chemical elements in the stars and in cosmic space, as well as their relative quantities. It is an interesting historical note that helium was actually found on the sun, in 1868, before it was found on earth, in the 1890s. (The name helium comes from the Greek world hellos, meaning “sun”)The central principle of chemistry is that all matter is composed of atoms. These atoms emit the colors of light that characterize each element. Each atom consists of a nucleus, or positively charged core, and around this nucleus are electrons, which are negatively charged particles. The characteristic light emitted by an atom gives us information about the arrangement of electrons about the atomic nucleus. This arrangement determines the chemical properties of the atom.The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of one of its atoms. The atomic number is a fundamental property, because it also equals the number of electrons around the nucleus in the normal (electrically neutral) atom, and these electrons determine the atom’s chemical properties. The periodic table of the elements (that is, their arrangement into the rows and columns based on their chemical and physical properties) is a result of the way the electrons are arranged in the atoms, and this arrangement or structure depends on the number of electrons and thus on the atomic structure.1.In this passage, fundamental means（ ）.2.The author’s purpose in this passage is to（ ）.3.Auguste Comte said that we could never know the composition of the stars because they are（ ）.4.According to the passage, a central principle of chemistry is that（ ）.5.The tone of this passage can best be described as（ ）.6.The organizational pattern of the first paragraph of this passage is（ ）.7.The author explains the characteristic pattern of color emitted by each element by comparing this pattern to（ ） .

A.first B.heavy C.basic D.early
问题2：
A.persuade B.inform C.entertain D.tell a story
问题3：
A.moving away from us B.very far away C.very hot D.made of helium
问题4：
A.different atoms emit different color of light B.the sun contains helium C.the atomic number is a fundamental property D.all matter is composed of atoms
问题5：
A.objective B.poetic C.hostile D.opinionated
问题6：
A.chronological order B.spatial order C.definition D.example illustration
问题7：
A.the scales of a fish B.the feathers of a bird C.a footprint D.a fingerprint.

He had read a patent liver-circular, in which were detailed the various（ ）by which a man could tell his liver was out of order.

A.signals B.system C.symptoms D.symbols

The teacher was in a rage with him, for his handwriting in the composition was （ ） .

A.illegible B.incomprehensible C.inaudible D.decipherable

The prisoner（ ）a means of escape from prison.

A.contrived B.conspired C.intrigued D.plotted

Music is the result of thought in the form of attitude, or stance. There is no one way of thinking, since men’s values are as scattered and dissimilar as individual men themselves. If black music can be seen as the result of certain attitudes, certain specific ways of thinking about the world, then my basic hypothesis about music is understood. The black man’s music changed as he changed, reflecting shifting attitudes or consistent attitudes within change contexts. It is why the music changed that seems most important to me.When jazz first began to appear on the American scene during the twenties, in one form or another, it was introduced in many instances by white Americans. Yet its original conception and its most vital development were the result of certain attitudes, or empirical ideas, attributable to the Afro-American culture. Jazz as played by white musicians was not the same as that played by black musicians nor was there any reason for it to be. The music of the white jazz musician was, at its most profound, a learned art.The blues, for example, which I take to be an autonomous black music, was practically ignored in pre-jazz white American culture. Blues is an extremely important part of jazz. However the way in which jazz utilizes the blues “attitude” provided a musical analogy the white musician could understand, and thus he could arrive at a style of jazz music. The white musician understood the blues first as music, but seldom as an attitude, since the attitude of the white musician was necessarily quite a different one. And in many cases, it was not consistent with the making of jazz.Thus, the trumpets of Bix Beiderbecke and Louis Armstrong were very dissimilar. The white middle-class boy from Lowa was an inborn intellectual and had an emotional life that was based on his conscious or unconscious disapproval of most of the ritual of his culture. On the other hand Armstrong was, in terms of an emotional archetype, an honored priest of his culture. He was not rebelling against anything with his music. The incredible irony of the situation was that both stood in similar places in the superstructure of American society; Beiderbecke, because of his isolation and deviation from mass culture; and Armstrong, because of the socio-historical separation of the black man from the rest of American.1.Which of the following best states the underlying idea of the passage?2.With which of the following statements about the relationship between blues and jazz in American culture would the author be most likely to agree?3.The tone of the author’s discussion of the blues is primarily one of（ ） .4.According to the author, Beiderbecke and Armstrong were similar in which of the following?5.The author implies that the kinds of music produced by Beiderbecke and Armstrong differ greatly because（ ） .

A.Because of environmental influences, the music of black and white artists must be very different. B.Because it is the result of thought, the music of black artists can be learned by white musicians. C.Because jazz is primarily a musical form created on inspiration, it is difficult for one musician to copy the style of another. D.Because music has social significance, its influence on black white relations should not be underestimated.
问题2：
A.Jazz placed more emphasis on Afro-American culture than did the blues B.Jazz changed the attitudes of white musicians toward Afro-American culture. C.Jazz was based on the blues attitude, but expressed it in a manner that was comprehensible to white musicians. D.Jazz was a form of music that had to be understood in order to be played, whereas the blues had to be learned.
问题3：
A.indifference B.appreciation C.curiosity D.uncertainty
问题4：
A.The attitudes they brought to their music. B.Their ability to reflect other cultures in their music. C.Their relationships to the cultures of their ancestors. D.The positions they came to hold in American society.
问题5：
A.the attitudes of blacks and whites as reflected in their music are necessarily different. B.Beiderbecke’s intellectualism hampered his

Students who don’t work hard will face（ ）prospects in the future.

A.meager B.rare C.bleak D.slight