s="" surface="" with="" molten="" rock="" during="" its="" earliest="" days,="" but="" still="" may="" have="" left="" oases="" of="" water="" that="" could="" supported="" the="" evolution="" life,="" scientists="" say.="" new="" study="" reveals="" planet's="" infancy,="" earth="" was="" a="" hellish="" environment,="" perhaps="" not="" as="" often="" thought,="" added. Earth formed about 4. 5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth's history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3. 8 billion years old. For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,” said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name—Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this eon “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean—maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions, ” Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0. 5 percent of the Earth's present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “ the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors larger than 100 kilometers or so — really, really big impactors,” Marchi said. “ When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth's crust and mantle, covering a large fraction of the surface,” Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth's surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock — enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rocks survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.1.Why is it little known about the Earth's first 500 million years?2.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?3.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?4.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed the Earth?'>

Asteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet's surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet's infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4. 5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth's history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3. 8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pumm

Many changes are taking place in Americans’ food styles. 1.The United States is traditionally famous for its solid and unchanging diet of meat and potatoes. Now we have many different alternatives to choose from: various ethnic foods, nutrition-balanced health food, and convenient and delicious fast food, in addition to the traditional home-cooked meal.Ethnic restaurants are commonplace in the United States. Because the United States is a country of immigrants, there is an immense variety in its catering cultures. Any large American city is filled with restaurants serving international cooking.2.Health food gained popularity when people began to think more seriously about their physical well-being. The very term “health food” is ironic because it implies that there is also “unhealthy food”. Health food incudes natural food with minimal processing, i.e., there are no presevatives to help it last longer or other chemicals to make it tasty or look like better. 3. Most health food enthusiasts are vegetarians: They eat no meat; they prefer to get their essential proteins from other sources, such as beans, cheese, and eggs.Fast-food restaurants can be seen all over the country. Speed is a very important factor in the life of an American. People usually have a very short lunch break or they just do not want to waste their time eating. And food in fast-food restaurants is always cheap.Americans’ attitude toward food is changing, too. The traditional big breakfast is losing popularity. People are rediscovering the social importance of food. 4. Dinner with family or friends is again becoming a special way of enjoying and sharing. Like so many people in other countries, many Americans are taking time to relax and enjoy the finer tastes at dinner, even if they still rush through lunch at a hamburger stand.

Directions:Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to(4) , from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

s="" political="" base.(4)Mr. Goeglein was influential in decisions on a range of question important to that constituency, including stem cell research, abortion and faith-based initiatives. A blogger in Mr. Goeglein's hometown, Fort Wayne, Ind. , found the plagiarism. (5)"This is not acceptable, and we are being disappointed in Tim's actions,” a White House spokeswoman, Emily Lawrimore, said Friday morning, hours before Mr. Goeglein resigned. (6)“He is offered no excuses, and he agrees it was wrong.” (7) Mr. Goeglein, 44, is small known outside Washington. (8) He is a familiar figure to conservatives and evangelical Christians, who knew him as a spokesman for Gary L. Bauer, the conservative who ran as president in 2000.(9) When Mr. Bauer dropped out the race, Mr. Goeglein signed on with Mr. Bush, eventually becoming a top aide to Karl Rove, the chief political strategist. (10)He was the eyes and ears of the White House in the world of religion conservatives and an emissary to that world for Mr. Rove and the president.'>

(1) A longtime aide to President Bush who wrote occasional guest columns for his hometown newspaper resigned on Friday evening after admitted that he had repeatedly plagiarized from other writers. (2) The White House called his actions unaccepted. (3) The aide, Tim Goeglein, worked for Mr. Bush since 2001, as a liaison to social and religious conservatives, an important component of the president's political base. (4) Mr. Goeglein was influential in decisions on a range of question important to that constituency, including stem cell research, abortion and faith-based initiatives. A blogger in Mr. Goeglein's hometown, Fort Wayne, Ind. , found the plagiarism. (5) "This is not acceptable, and we are being disappointed in Tim's actions,” a White House spokeswoman, Emily Lawrimore, said Friday morning, hours before Mr. Goeglein resigned. (6) “He is offered no excuses, and he agrees it was wrong.” (7) Mr. Goeglein, 44, is small known outside Washington. (8) He is a familiar figure to conservatives and evangelical Christians, who knew him as a spokesman for Gary L. Bauer, the conservative who ran as president in 2000.(9) When Mr. Bauer dropped out the race, Mr. Goeglein signed on with Mr. Bush, eventually becoming a top aide to Karl Rove, the chief political strategist. (10) He was the eyes and ears of the White House in the world of religion conservatives and an emissary to that world for Mr. Rove and the president.

In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).

The professor stopped for a drink and then( ) with his lecture on the Indian culture.

A.proceeded B.processed C.preferred D.presented

s="" book="" black="" fiction,="" in="" attempting="" to="" apply="" literary="" rather="" than="" sociopolitical="" criteria="" its="" subject,="" successfully="" alters="" the="" approach="" taken="" by="" most="" previous="" studies.="" as="" rosenblatt="" notes,="" criticism="" of="" writing="" has="" often="" served="" a="" pretext="" for="" expounding="" on="" history.="" addison="" gayle's="" recent="" work,="" example,="" judges="" value="" fiction="" overtly="" political="" standards,="" rating="" each="" work="" according="" notions="" identity="" which="" it="" propounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modem fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous ? Rosenblatt shows that black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1.The author of the passage objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（ ）.2.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ） .3.The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as（ ）.4.It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following?'>

Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideolog

d="" want="" is="" a="" false="" caliphate="" with="" access="" to="" billions="" of="" dollars="" in="" oil="" revenue.="" ”In a joint statement, both Kerry and Italian foreign minister Paolo Gentiloni expressed concern over the “growing influence” of Islamic State in Libya. They vowed to “continue to National Accord in its efforts to establish peace and security for the Libyan people.”Kerry ruled out military intervention in Libya by the United States in near future. But he said that could change if there were “some turn of events, like weapons of mass destruction ending up in the hands of the wrong people”.Libya has been in a state of chaos since 2011 when Moammar Gaddafi was ousted. Two rival governments subsequently emerged, and continuing conflict has foiled efforts to establish a united Libyan government.Though the emerging threat in Libya commanded much of the diplomats' attention, the situation in Syria remains troublesome. Success in pushing Islamic State fighters out of an estimated 40 percent of territory they controlled in Iraq and 20 percent to 30 percent of the land they held in Syria has created its own set of urgent problems.Fleeing fighters often booby-trap homes and demolish buildings, which then need to be cleared and rebuilt before residents can return. Kerry urged his fellow foreign ministers to donate more money to a stabilization fund for rebuilding and restoring services in those areas.Now that U. N. -backed Syria peace talks aimed at ending the war have started in Geneva, Kerry called on Russia to stop bombing opposition fighters and the Syrian government to grant humanitarian access to besieged towns.With the onset of peace talks, a cease-fire should follow shortly, he said.“We are at the table, and we expect a cease-fire,” he said. “And we expect adherence to the cease-fire, and we expect full humanitarian access.”In Geneva, where U. N. envoy Staffan de Mistura on Monday declared the official opening of talks between the Syrian government and opposition, both sides said that as far as they were concerned, negotiations had not yet begun.In a statement, the opposition delegation said Syrian rebels are facing “ a massive acceleration of Russian and regime military aggression... including attacks on hospitals and critical infrastructurev near the cities of Aleppo and Homs over the past two days.The Syrian government delegation accused the opposition of acting like “amateurs and not professional politicians”. Syria's United Nations ambassador, Bashar Jaafari, representing Syrian President Basher al-Assad, said his side challenged the participation of two “terrorist” groups in the opposition delegation, according to the state-run Syrian Arab News Agency.The Obama administration is eager for the peace talks to begin and has pressured the opposition to participate. Opposition representatives have said the agreed-upon rules for the negotiations, in a U. N. resolution, call for an end to bombardments and government sieges of civilian areas, as well as the release of prisoners.Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov told reporters there that his government considered members of Jaish al-Islam and Ahrar al-Sham to be participating in the opposition delegation in their “personal capacity” rather than as official representatives. Lavrov also said that he considers it the responsibility of the United States, as leader of the coalition against the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq, to prevent conflict among the various participants operating strike aircraft over those countries.1.Both Kerry and Paolo Gentiloni agreed upon the following EXCEPT （ ） .2.Which of the following is INCORRECT according to the passage?3.What did Kerry urge his fellow foreign ministers to do?4.What did the Syrian government delegation accuse the opposition of?'>

Advances in campaign against the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq are forcing the extremists to abandon territory there, generating concerns that they are carving out a new stronghold in oil-rich Libya, Secretary of State John F. Kerry said Tuesday.“As everybody here knows, th