Most readers underestimate the amount of rewriting it usually takes to produce a spontaneous reading. This is a great disadvantage to the student writer, who sees only a finished product and never watches the craftsman who takes the necessary step back, studies the work carefully, returns to the task, steps back, returns, steps back, again and again. Anthony Burgess, one of the most productive writers in the English speaking countries, admits, “I might revise a page twenty times.” Ronald Dahl, the popular children’s writer, states, By the time I’m nearing the end of a story, the first part will have been reread and changed and corrected at least 150 times... Good writing is essentially re-writing. I am positive of this. ’’ Rewriting isn’t something that ought to be done. It is simply something that most writers find they have to do to discover what they have to say and how to say it. It is a condition of the writer’s life.There are，however，a few writers who do little formal rewriting，primarily because they have the capacity and experience to create and review a large number of invisible drafts in their minds before they approach the page. And some writers slowly produce finished pages, performing all the tasks of revision，page by page. But it is still possible to see the sequence followed by most writers most of the time in rereading their own work.Most writers can scan their draft first，reading as quickly as possible to catch the larger problems of subject and form, then move in closer and closer as they read and write, reread and rewrite.1.What does the student writer fail to do?2.What do we know about Anthony Burgess?3.Why do some writers do little formal rewriting?4.What do most writers have in common?

A.To have enough time to devote to writing. B.To find his disadvantage in writing. C.To see his works complete. D.To observe other writers rewrite.
问题2：
A.He is the first person to find the disadvantage of the student writer. B.He is a craftsman who always regrets what he has done and therefore redoes it. C.He has published many literary works. D.He enjoys writing on the same page many times.
问题3：
A.Because they can do the mental rewriting. B.Because they are not positive of what they have to say or how to say it. C.Because they believe rewriting is not worthwhile. D.Because they have to find their pages first before they write.
问题4：
A.Spending a great deal of time plotting and drafting. B.Performing all the tasks of revision at once. C.Spending most of their time reading other’s works. D.Rereading and rewriting their works.

Hunting is thought to be（ ） for the extinction of some wildlife.

A.responsible B.blamed C.charged D.denounced

Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for“academic mobility”is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have been comforting to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by ridicule or neglect.In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aero plane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately possible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantities and require no further mention: there are far more centers of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students.In addition, one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some, isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.Frequently these specializations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also where the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a long time. It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of cooperation and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centers of research and to meet each other in conferences and symposia. From these meetings come personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalized schemes of cooperation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus.1.According to the passage, scholars and students are great travelers because （ ）.2.The writer says that travel was important in the past because it（ ） .3.The writer thinks that academic work has recently become more specialized because（ ） .4.The writer claims that it is important for specialists to be able to travel because（ ） .5.Developments in international co-operation are often, it is suggested, the result of（ ） .

A.salaries and conditions are better abroad B.standards are higher at foreign universities C.they are eager for new knowledge D.their governments encourage them to travel
问题2：
A.led to economic progress B.was a way of spreading ideas C.made new ideas less shocking D.broke down political barriers
问题3：
A.more people are studying sciences B.a greater variety of subjects is studied C.more students are doing postgraduate work D.the number of universities has increased
问题4：
A.their fellow experts are scattered round the world B.their laboratories are in remote places C.there are so many people working in similar fields D.there is a lot of dissatisfaction with social affairs at universities
问题5：
A.articles in learned journals B.programs sponsored by governments C.friendships formed by scholars at meetings D.the work of international agencies

Since about 1800,near the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, coal, petroleum, and gas have been used at a rapidly increasing rate. The supply of these（1） is limited, and electric power is very （2） in many places. Some scientists believe solar energy is the only （3） which can meet the world’s enormous（4）for power.Great progress had been made in harnessing the sun. Not only is the sun now used in cooking, （5） it also supplies power for （6） things as beacon lights for ships and airplanes. It（7）telephone lines, portable radios, electric clocks, hearing aids, and even communication. Some homes and office buildings in the United States are now being（8）with solar energy.The three most significant types of solar equipment（9） are the furnace, the still, and the cell. Solar furnaces heat water or air,（10）is then circulated through a building to make it comfortable.Solar stills are （11） important because they can provide （12） water at a relatively cheap rate. Salt can easily be （13） from sea water with a solar still.The most highly developed type of solar （14） equipment is the solar cell. Some cells are so （15）that they can turn 16 percent of the energy they receive from the sun（16） electric energy. One of the cell’s biggest advantages is （17）it can be made either small enough to carry（18） large enough to produce a current that can run an automobile. Besides, it has a very long life. It is still too expensive for the （19）consumer but when ways are （20）to produce it more cheaply, we can expect its use to be wide-spread.

A.materials B.ores C.reserves D.fuels
问题2：
A.abundant B.adequate C.scarce D.rare
问题3：
A.means B.source C.solution D.resource
问题4：
A.need B.desire C.necessity D.supply
问题5：
A.moreover B.besides C.however D.but
问题6：
A.some B.many C.such D.these
问题7：
A.connects B.operates C.drives D.manufactures
问题8：
A.heated B.burnt C.equipped D.built
问题9：
A.ever since B.no wonder C.in all D.so far
问题10：
A.that B.what C.which D.it
问题11：
A.specially B.especially C.essentially D.specifically
问题12：
A.fresh B.healthy C.boiled D.cool
问题13：
A.dissolved B.distinguished C.divided D.removed
问题14：
A.electric B.electronic C.power D.heating
问题15：
A.powerful B.resourceful C.efficient D.reliable
问题16：
A.through B.into C.by D.with
问题17：
A.how B.that C.because D.which
问题18：
A.but B.so C.or D.too
问题19：
A.tipical B.normal C.average D.general
问题20：
A.discovered B.invented C.disclosed D.revealed

We can’t understand Uncle George, for he always （ ）whatever he says.

A.masters B.mumbles C.molests D.muzzles

（ ） troublesome the problem is, he faces it with patience.

A.However B.No matter C.Despite D.Although